ABSTRACT The male and female of a new species in the long-horned caddisfly genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 are described from southeastern Brazil. The new species has male genitalia similar to species of the candida-group, but has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus similar to those of gemma-group species. The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax and forewings is similar to that of Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black areas on the forewings. Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution.

ABSTRACT The male and female imago stage and a new species of the Hermanella complex are described based on material from Pará State, Northern Brazil: Hydromastodon cf. mikei (Thomas & Boutonnet, 2004) and Paramaka froehlichi sp. nov. The male imago of Hydromastodon cf. mikei can be distinguished from Hydromastodon sallesi by the following combination of characters: (1) body color pattern, especially abdominal terga translucent white with terga I to IV washed with black on posterior margin; (2) compound eyes anteriorly rounded; (3) medial projection of the styliger plate short; and (4) penis lobes close to each other and with posterolateral projection as long as ½ of its length. The male imago of Paramaka froehlichi sp.nov. can be distinguished the from the other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) fore and hind wings with membrane brown; (2) legs uniformly yellowish-white, without distal band; (3) abdominal terga II to VI with marks more expanded laterally, median line absent; (4) medial projection of the styliger plate broad; (5) base of telopenis arising at distal ⅔ of penis lobe; and (6): body size of 6.1 to 7.6 mm.

ABSTRACT A new species of Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 is described based on nymphs and subimagos from Itatiaia National Park, close to the border of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The new species can be differentiated from the remaining species of the genus based on the following combination of characteristics: (1) frontal keel present, (2) right mandible with angle between incisors and mola obtuse, (3) paraglossa nearly twice longer than wide, (4) fore femur with 40-42 long, apically acute, simple setae in outer margin, (5) gills grayish with pigmented tracheation, (6) distinctive abdominal color pattern (two white posterolateral spots on abdominal terga IV and VII, white medial band running along abdominal terga, and lateral margins washed with brown), (7) posterior margin of abdominal terga with triangular spines, and (8) paraproct marginally with 12-14 spines. Given the development of the labial palp segment III, shape of the apex of the lingua, and robustness of the body, the new species is somewhat similar to A. labiosus and A. titthion. It can be readily distinguished from A. titthion by the absence of meso and metasternal projections and by the shape of spines on the posterior margin of abdominal terga (triangular on the new species, blunt on A. titthion). The main differences between the new species and A. labiosus are the paraglossa length/width ratio (2.3x in the new species, 2.5x in A. labiosus), the relative length of the maxillary palp (longer than galea-lacinia in the new species versus subequal in A. labiosus), as well as pigmentation of tracheae on gills (which is absent in A. labiosus). The abdominal color pattern of A. itatiaia sp. nov. is also very distinctive in relation to A. labiosus and A. titthion.

ABSTRACT Despite the growing number of studies on mayflies (Ephemeroptera), especially in terms of description of new species and distributional records, the knowledge generated remains scattered across specialized literature. This dispersion poses a challenge for non-specialists, such as ecologists, hindering their ability to promote studies and conservation actions. In order to fill this gap, we are launching EphemBrazil: an online database focusing on the distribution of mayflies in Brazil. The main objectives of this platform are to compile a dataset of distributional information for the valid species of Ephemeroptera in Brazil, provide open access to this dataset through an interactive and easily updated website, and offer dynamic distributional maps for species, genera, and families of Brazilian mayflies. EphemBrazil aims to facilitate the retrieval and access of distributional and basic taxonomic information for the order.

ABSTRACT The small mayfly genus UlmeritusTraver, 1956 currently includes three species of Neotropical Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) distributed in southern South America in the Pampean and Atlantic Forest dominions: U. carbonelli (Uruguay), U. balteatus (Brazil and Uruguay) and U. saopaulensis (Brazil). Ulmeritus saopaulensis is a poorly known endemic species from Brazil. Based on material from a single locality in Minas Gerais, we complement the knowledge on this species with a redescription of adults and nymphs and describe the eggs for the first time. The confusing nomenclatural history and the correct spelling of the specific name saopaulensis is discussed in light of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. This paper points out that in despite of recent advances on the knowledge of this genus a full taxonomic review and phylogenetic analyses are pending to solve species delimitation and evolutionary relationships.

ABSTRACT The Hermanella complex is a well-established monophyletic group of Hagenulinae mayflies, but the phylogenetic relationships among its members are still being discussed. In order to fill some gaps in the taxonomy of this group we describe, for the first time, the eggs of eight species of this complex (Hermanella amere, Hermanella mazama, Hydromastodon sallesi, Hydrosmilodon gilliesae, Hydrosmilodon plagatus, Leentvaaria palpalis, Paramaka incognita, Paramaka sp.) using scanning electron microscopy, including some important members whose generic allocation have been questioned. The egg morphology in these eight species of Hermanella complex and their similarities with other species of the complex are discussed.

Abstract In the Neotropical region, especially South America, Leptophlebiidae achieves its higher diversity, with 45 genera and almost 250 species. In Colombia, the diversity about this family is underestimated, with only 22 species reported so far. In order to contribute to the current knowledge of the Leptophlebiidae in Colombia we examined the adults of this family deposited at the Colección Entomológica del Programa de Biología, Universidad de Caldas. In addition to the historical records herein presented, nine species are registered for the first time from the country (Farrodes savagei, F. tepui, F. xingu, Hagenulopsis minuta, Terpides contamanensis, T. echinovaris, T. ornatodermis, Tikuna atramentum, and Ulmeritoides flavopedes). Besides that, additional records are presented for 12 species of the following genera: Askola, Farrodes, Simothraulopsis, Tikuna, Ulmeritoides, Hydrosmilodon, Terpides, Choroterpes, Paramaka, and Hagenulopsis. With these additional and new records, we update the list of Leptophlebiidae from Colombia to 33 species and 14 genera.

RESUMO A ordem Ephemeroptera (Insecta) constitui um dos mais importantes grupos da entomofauna aquática. São encontrados em ambientes aquáticos continentais lênticos e lóticos, associados aos mais diversos tipos de substrato. Seus representantes participam ativamente da ciclagem de nutrientes e do fluxo energético e são muitas vezes utilizados como indicadores ambientais. A última lista de Ephemeroptera para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul feita registrou apenas treze espécies representantes de oito gêneros e quatro famílias. Atualmente existem dois pesquisadores trabalhando diretamente com o grupo na região.

ABSTRACT The order Ephemeroptera (Insecta) is one of the most important groups of aquatic insect. It is found in freshwater ecosystems lentic and lotic, associated with various substrate types. It’s representatives actively participate in nutrient cycling and energy flow and are often used as environmental indicators. The last list of Ephemeroptera to the state of Mato Grosso do Sul recorded only thirteen species representing eight genera and four families. Two researchers are currently working directly with the group in the region.

ABSTRACTIn order to expand the knowledge on the composition of Ephemeroptera from large rivers, we present, herein, the first survey of mayflies from the São Mateus River Basin, Espírito Santo State. Adults were collected biannually in 2012 and 2013 with the aid of Pennsylvania light trap in eleven points distributed in the main river of the river basin, São Mateus River and its two main tributaries, Cotaxé River (Braço Norte) and Cricaré River (Braço Sul). Thirty-three species were identified (22 nominal and 11 morphospecies) in 24 genera and five families. One genus and one species are reported for the first time from Brazil, three species from Southeastern Region of Brazil, and two species from the state. Five species and one genus not previously described were also found. Moreover, around 20% of the known species of mayfly registered from the state were found. This work reinforces the need to give more attention to research on large rivers due to the high potential for diversity, not only for Ephemeroptera, but also for other aquatic insects.

Conservation of mayflies (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) in Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Ephemeroptera exhibits great diversity among bodies of freshwater in the Atlantic Forest, a biome that is suffering from massive human impact. Within this context, the creation of conservation units using biological information is more recommended than economic, cultural, or political criteria. The distribution pattern of 76 Ephemeroptera species was analyzed using the biogeographical methods Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity and Network Analysis Method in order to infer relevant areas for conservation of the mayfly community in Espírito Santo. The results obtained from both analyses were largely congruent, and pointed out four relevant areas for conservation: two in the south of the state, where conservation units or priority areas for conservation are well established; and two in the north, a region in the state where little conservation efforts have been historically done. Therefore, based on our analyses on mayflies, we recommend the expansion of the existing APCs or the creation of new APCs on the north of Espírito Santo.

Os primeiros estudos de Leptophlebiidae em Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil, datam de 1920. Desde então, pouca informação foi acrescida à Família (até mesmo à Ordem Ephemeroptera) para o estado. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar a fauna de Leptophlebiidae no Estado de Santa Catarina com base em ninfas. Os Leptophlebiidae foram obtidos através de coleção depositada no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química e Ecologia da Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó além de espécimes adicionais coletados entre 2008 e 2009. As ocorrências foram plotadas no mapa hidrográfico do Estado de Santa Catarina, com um mapa para cada gênero. As ninfas Leptophlebiidae foram registradas em 26 ambientes aquáticos que incluiram pequenos riachos e rios. Foram identificados 24 morfotipos distribuídos em 12 gêneros. O número de gêneros no Oeste de Santa Catarina aumentou de oito para 15. Thraulodes, Ulmeritoides e Homothraulus foram os gêneros com maior frequência de ocorrência na região. Leentvaaria e Hermanella estiveram associados a regiões mais bem conservadas, como na floresta Ombrófila Mista. Needhamella e Segesta estiveram relacionados principalmente ao rio Irani.

The first studies of Leptophlebiidae in the Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil, dated from 1920. Since then, not much is known about the family (even to the Order Ephemeroptera) to the State. The main goal of this study was to survey fauna of Leptophlebiidae in the Santa Catarina State based on nymphs. The material was obtained from the collection deposited at the Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Química of the Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, besides additional specimens collected between 2008 and 2009. Occurrences were plotted in the hydrograph map of Santa Catarina State, with one map for each genus. The Leptophlebiidae nymphs were recorded in 26 aquatic environments that included small streams and rivers. We identified 24 morphotypes distributed in 12 genera. Number of genera in the Western of Santa Catarina increased from eight to 15. Thraulodes, Ulmeritoides and Homothraulus presented higher frequency of occurrence in the region. Leentvaaria and Hermanella were associated to regions well conserved such as in the Araucaria forest. Needhamella and Segesta were related mainly to Irani River.

Fauna of Simuliidae (Diptera) from the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: Distribution, new records and list of species. The fauna of Simuliidae in Brazil is composed of 87 species, 17 of which are recorded from the state of Espírito Santo. Entomological collections were carried out in 2010-2011 with the objective of increasing the knowledge of the species richness of this family in the state. Ninety three rivers and streams were sampled, each collection being carried out in a 50m transect. During the study period 30 species were collected, 13 of which represent new records for the state, 12 of the genus Simulium and one of the genus Lutzsimulium. Among these new state records one, Simulium lobatoi, also represents a new record from southeastern Brazil. The other newly recorded species are: Lutzsimulium hirticosta, Simulium distinctum, Simulium exiguum, Simulium oyapockense, Simulium botulibranchium, Simulium petropoliense, Simulium clavibranchium, Simulium rappae, Simulium minusculum, Simulium dinellii, Simulium ochraceum and Simulium scutistriatum.

Leptohyphidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) do Estado do Amazonas, Brasil: novos registros, nova combinação, nova espécie e chave de identificação para estágios ninfais. Os seguintes gêneros de Leptohyphidae ocorrem no estado do Amazonas: Amanahyphes Salles & Molineri, Leptohyphes Eaton, Tricorythodes Ulmer e Tricorythopsis Traver. A distribuição das espécies de Leptohyphidae no Estado do Amazonas é apresentada. Uma espécie nova, Tricorythodes yapekuna sp. nov., é descrita e pode ser diferenciada de outros Tricorythodes pelas (1) garras tarsais com um par de dentículos submarginais e sem dentículos marginais; (2) palpo maxilar biarticulado; (3) brânquia opercular uniformemente preta com exceção da margem apical; (4) fórmula branquial 2/3/3/3/2; e (5) margem lateral do abdome expandida nos segmentos III_VI. Uma combinação nova, Tricorythopsis rondoniensis (Dias, Cruz & Ferreira, 2009) comb. nov., é proposta e constitui o primeiro registro dessa espécie para o Estado do Amazonas. Uma chave dicotômica ilustrada para identificar ninfas de gêneros e espécies ocorrentes no Amazonas também é apresentada.

Leptohyphidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Amazonas state, Brazil: new records, new combination, new species and identification key for nymphal stages. The following genera of Leptohyphidae occur in the Amazonas state: Amanahyphes Salles & Molineri, Leptohyphes Eaton, Tricorythodes Ulmer and Tricorythopsis Traver. Distribution of Leptohyphidae species in Amazonas state is presented. A new species, Tricorythodes yapekuna sp. nov., is described and can be distinguished from other Tricorythodes by: (1) tarsal claws with pair of submarginal denticles and no marginal denticles; (2) bi-articulated maxillary palp; (3) opercular gill black except on apical margin; (4) gill formula 2/3/3/3/2; and (5) expanded lateral abdominal margin of segments III_VI. The new combination, Tricorythopsis rondoniensis (Dias, Cruz & Ferreira, 2009) comb. nov., is proposed and constitutes the first record of this species in the Amazonas State. An illustrated dichotomous key to identify nymphs of genera and species occurring in the Amazonas State is also presented.

Com o objetivo de apresentar um levantamento da fauna de Ephemeroptera no Estado do Mato Grosso, investigamos as ninfas de Ephemeroptera, principalmente de duas bacias hidrográficas do leste do estado. Sessenta e sete espécies/morfoespécies em 41 gêneros e oito famílias foram encontradas. Quatro espécies (Cloeodes redactus Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 e Waltzoyphius roberti Thomas & Peru, 2002 [Baetidae], Tricorytopsis chiriguano Molineri, 2001 [Leptohyphidae] e Microphlebia surinamensis Savage & Peters, 1983 [Leptophlebiidae]) foram registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil. As famílias Euthyplociidae, Polymitarcyidae e Coryphoridae foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Mato Grosso, assim como 19 gêneros e 18 espécies. Vinte e cinco espécies não foram identificadas devido à falta de informação envolvendo o estágio ninfal de seus respectivos gêneros. Assim como demonstrado em outros trabalhos com o grupo, a ordem se mostrou mais diversa do que se conhece atualmente, especialmente se considerarmos as várias fisionomias e bacias hidrográficas do estado que se mantêm desconhecidas.

Aiming to present a survey of Ephemeroptera fauna of Ephemeroptera from Mato Grosso State we investigated mayfly nymphs mainly from two hydrographic basins located in the eastern area of the state. Sixty-seven species/morphospecies in 41 genera and eight families were encountered. Four species (Cloeodes redactus Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 and Waltzoyphius roberti Thomas & Peru, 2002 [Baetidae], Tricorytopsis chiriguano Molineri, 2001 [Leptohyphidae] and Microphlebia surinamensis Savage & Peters, 1983 [Leptophlebiidae]) are recorded for the first time from Brazil. The families Euthyplociidae, Polymitarcyidae and Coryphoridae are recorded for the first time from Mato Grosso, as well as 19 genera and 18 species. Twenty-five species could not be identified due to the lack of knowledge regarding the nymphal stage of their respective genera. As demonstrated in others surveys of mayflies in Brazil, the order is much more diverse than currently recognized, especially if we consider that several physiognomies and hydrographic basins of the state remain undocumented.

Baetidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) ocorrentes em Roraima, Brasil: novos registros e chaves para gêneros e espécies no estágio ninfal. Roraima é um dos estados de menor conhecimento acerca da família Baetidae no Brasil, com apenas quatro espécies formalmente registradas. Através de coletas realizadas principalmente nas regiões nordeste e sudeste de Roraima, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo ampliar o conhecimento a respeito da família no estado. Foram encontradas 32 espécies, sendo dessas, 14 novas ocorrências para a Região Norte e quatro novos registros para o Brasil (Camelobaetidius ortizi Dominique & Thomas, 2002, Cloeodes barituensis Nieto & Richard, 2008, Paracloeodes pacawara Nieto & Salles, 2006 e Waltzoyphius roberti Thomas & Peru, 2002). Exceto pelos gêneros Moribaetis Waltz & McCafferty, 1985, Tomedontus Lugo- Ortiz & McCafferty, 1995, Tupiara Salles Lugo-Ortiz, Da-Silva & Francischetti, 2003 e Varipes Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998, todos os gêneros registrados para o Brasil foram encontrados. Um gênero e uma espécie de Cryptonympha encontrados são novos para a Ciência.

Baetidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Roraima, Brazil: new records and a key to genera and species at nymphal stage. Roraima is one of the Brazilian states where least is known regarding the family Baetidae; to date only four species have been recorded from the state. The aim of the present study is to improve knowledge of the family in Roraima based on collections that are mainly from northeastern and southeastern portions of the state. Thirty-two species were found; of this total, 14 are new records for the entire Northern Region of Brazil, and four species are new for the country (Camelobaetidius ortizi Dominique & Thomas, 2002, Cloeodes barituensis Nieto & Richard, 2008, Paracloeodes pacawara Nieto & Salles, 2006 and Waltzoyphius roberti Thomas & Peru, 2002). Except for Moribaetis Waltz & McCafferty, 1985, Tomedontus Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1995, Tupiara Salles, Lugo-Ortiz, Da-Silva & Francischetti, 2003 and Varipes Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998, all of the remaining genera that had been recorded from Brazil were found. One genus and one Cryptonympha species were found to be new to science.